Periodic Table & Basics
Periodic Table (Elements 1-103)
H1
He2
Li3
Be4
B5
C6
N7
O8
F9
Ne10
Na11
Mg12
Al13
Si14
P15
S16
Cl17
Ar18
K19
Ca20
Sc21
Ti22
V23
Cr24
Mn25
Fe26
Co27
Ni28
Cu29
Zn30
Ga31
Ge32
As33
Se34
Br35
Kr36
Rb37
Sr38
Y39
Zr40
Nb41
Mo42
Tc43
Ru44
Rh45
Pd46
Ag47
Cd48
In49
Sn50
Sb51
Te52
I53
Xe54
Cs55
Ba56
Hf72
Ta73
W74
Re75
Os76
Ir77
Pt78
Au79
Hg80
Tl81
Pb82
Bi83
Po84
At85
Rn86
Fr87
Ra88
Atomic Structure Basics
Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting in shells around it.
- Protons: Positively charged particles in the nucleus.
- Neutrons: Neutral particles in the nucleus.
- Electrons: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus.
- Atomic Number: Number of protons, defines the element.
- Mass Number: Sum of protons and neutrons.
Common Groups / Families
Alkali Metals
Typical Elements: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Alkaline Earth Metals
Typical Elements: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
Transition Metals
Typical Elements: Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn
Halogens
Typical Elements: F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts
Noble Gases
Typical Elements: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Og
Basic Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bond
Transfer of electrons between atoms, typically metal and non-metal.
Covalent Bond
Sharing of electrons between atoms, usually non-metals.
Metallic Bond
Pooling of electrons among metal atoms.
Quick Chemistry Facts
- Water (H2O) is the universal solvent.
- The pH scale measures acidity or basicity (0 acidic - 14 basic).
- Chemical reactions involve rearrangement of atoms, not creation/destruction.
- Carbon is the basis for organic chemistry.
- Periodic trends include electronegativity, atomic radius, and ionization energy.